Week 11 · AD 1001–1100
Reform, Oaths, and Crusade
Papal claims, the Lord’s Supper, and the First Crusade
This week
Reform, oaths, and crusade
- Gregory VII’s Dictatus papae (the pope’s dictates) and the reform of clergy
- Berengar’s oaths on the Lord’s Supper, in 1059 and 1079
- The East and West clash of 1054
- Urban II’s call at Clermont and the First Crusade
- Lutheran Confessions (the church’s statements of faith): Christ alone is the Church’s head
Henry IV seeks absolution
Donizo, a monk of Canossa, about 1115. Matilda and Abbot Hugh of Cluny plead for the king.
Church life
The reform of popes and clergy
Church life
Gregory VII’s papal claims
- In March 1075 Gregory VII’s register recorded the Dictatus papae, 27 papal statements
- Number 12: the pope can depose emperors
- Number 27: he can free subjects from oaths to unjust rulers
- Gregory fought lay investiture, a ruler’s grant of a bishop’s or abbot’s office
Christ and the Church
Christ alone heads the Church
- The Smalcald Articles (a Lutheran confession) teach that Christ alone is the Church’s head
- A claim that the pope rules kings as Christ’s earthly head goes beyond Scripture
- Compare this with Gregory’s claim that the pope can depose emperors
Controversy
Oaths, heresies, and the Lord’s Supper
Christ and the sacraments
Berengar and the Lord’s Supper
- Berengar of Tours (about 1000–1088) denied that the bread changes in substance
- Lanfranc, abbot of Bec, opposed him
- At Rome in 1059, Cardinal Humbert forced Berengar to accept an oath
- The oath says the bread and wine are the true body and blood of Christ
Controversy
The Bogomils
- Dualists treat the material world as evil, and the sect began in Bulgaria
- Known in the Byzantine Empire late in the century
- Anna Comnena says Emperor Alexios I found a monk named Basil as their chief teacher
- Opponents say the Bogomils denied Christ’s divine birth and the worth of the sacraments
Councils and events
Synods, a legation, and a crusading call.
Councils and events
Constantinople, 1054
- On July 16, Humbert and the legates laid a bull on the altar of Hagia Sophia
- The bull condemned Patriarch Michael Cerularius and named his helpers
- The clash was over custom (unleavened bread) and rank, not a joint doctrinal decree
- Lutheran classification: Not classified
Councils and events
Rome, 1059
- Nicholas II’s Lateran synod set the new rule for papal elections
- The cardinal bishops choose first, then the other cardinals, then the clergy and people consent
- The same synod made Berengar sign Humbert’s oath
- Lutheran classification: Mixed. The oath rightly confesses Christ’s true body and blood, but adds a crude claim.
Councils and events
Rome, 1079
- A Roman synod required Berengar to swear a new oath about the Supper
- It says the bread and wine are “substantially changed” into Christ’s true flesh and blood
- This wording later became transubstantiation, the change of the whole substance
- Lutheran classification: Mixed. The Confessions accept Christ’s true flesh and blood, but reject “substantially changed.”
Councils and events
Urban II calls for a crusade
- In November 1095 at Clermont, Urban II called for military aid and a crusading expedition.
- Surviving accounts keep different versions of his speech.
- The First Crusade took Jerusalem on July 15, 1099.
- Lutheran classification: Not classified. Church power is the Word and sacraments, not the sword.
Major people
The popes, kings, and writers who shaped the century
Major people
Key people of the century
- Gregory VII, pope 1073–1085, whose reform ran through the Dictatus papae
- Henry IV, king of Germany, deposed in 1076, then did penance at Canossa in 1077
- Matilda, countess of Tuscany, whose castle was Canossa
- Urban II, pope 1088–1099, who called the crusade at Clermont
- Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury from 1093, author of Cur Deus Homo
- Humbert of Silva Candida, who wrote the 1059 oath and led the 1054 legation
- Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, who fought Humbert
- Berengar of Tours, who denied that the bread changes in substance
Wider world
Conquest and survey beyond the church walls
Wider world
England under William
- 1066: William of Normandy defeated Harold’s army at Hastings
- The Bayeux embroidery shows scenes from the Norman conquest of England
- In 1085–1086 William ordered a survey of English landholding, linked to Domesday Book
Confessional Lutheran connection
What the Confessions teach about Christ, the Supper, and Baptism
Christ and the sacraments
The Supper and the oaths
- Augsburg Confession X: the true body and blood of Christ are present in the Supper
- Formula of Concord VII rejects “gross, carnal, Capernaitic” thinking about the Supper
- Identify which claims in the 1059 and 1079 oaths the Confessions accept or reject
Christ and the sacraments
Baptism and the pilgrim’s journey
- Augsburg Confession IX: Baptism is necessary to salvation, and grace is offered through it
- Clermont tied the pilgrim’s journey to forgiveness
- How does Baptism deliver Christ’s benefit without becoming a pledge of military or political allegiance?
For discussion
Gregory VII claimed that the pope can depose emperors. Where does the Church’s power stop, according to the Confessions?